The Evolution Conflict

[Iacchus]

The only flaw I see in the theory of evolution has to do with man, and just what the heck it is he's doing here? For of all the creatures on this planet he's the only one that seems incapable of living in accord mother nature. And rather than show any adaption evolutionary wise, for example a beaver develops a broad tail to swab mud, he shows a total disregard for his environment while getting nature to succumb to his every whim. Does that even sound close to living in harmony with nature? Not even the apes, our nearest relatives, are capable of perpetuating such a legacy. In fact there's nothing about them to suggest they live outside of the constraints of their environment.

So, is it possible that there's any merit to what the book of Genesis says, that man is a fallen creature which, as a consequence, puts him at odds in an environment where he doesn't belong? Whereas before the fall, he was given complete ascendency over the earth but now, he's continually at odds with it. Doesn't that sound the least bit plausible?

[gluadys]

Originally Posted by Iacchus

The only flaw I see in the theory of evolution has to do with man, and just what the heck it is he's doing here? For of all the creatures on this planet he's the only one that seems incapable of living in accord mother nature. And rather than show any adaption evolutionary wise, for example a beaver develops a broad tail to swab mud, he shows a total disregard for his environment while getting nature to succumb to his every whim. Does that even sound close to living in harmony with nature? Not even the apes, our nearest relatives, are capable of perpetuating such a legacy. In fact there's nothing about them to suggest they live outside of the constraints of their environment.

Thanks for the intro to a new forum. I posted an answer there, but for the benefit of folks here, I'll post it here as well.

The flaw is not in the theory of evolution, but in one of your assumptions: that all non-human creatures live in harmony with nature. They don't necessarily. They don't so much live in harmony with nature as adapt to their environment. If the environment changes, they need to re-adapt, and often they don't. Then they become extinct. Only 1% of all known species are currently alive today. The rest failed, at some point, to live in harmony with their environment.

Humanity has achieved a level of mastery over nature that has enabled us to avoid some of the hazards of environmental change. With technology we have found ways of living in virtually every terrestrial habitat, and may one day go beyond that.

Yet in spite of that mastery, we are not totally free of natural constraints.
Five times in the history of the earth, an event has triggered a massive extinction of many species. Now a sixth is underway and the triggering event is US! Humanity and its careless exploitation of natural resources.

If we get smart enough, fast enough; if we care enough, we can stop before irreversible damage is done.

If we don't, it is entirely possible that one of the species whose extinction we ensure is our own.

Either consequence is perfectly compatible with evolution.

[I, Brian]

Thanks for posting it here.

[juantoo3]

Kindest Regards, gluadys!

I wanted to take a moment and let you know I am researching a response. I have gone through a lot of information, but I have a great deal more to go through yet to post a proper reply.

Originally Posted by gluadys

The question is, given the processes used by evolution, why would you expect any other result? This goes back to understanding the branching nature of evolution. Once that is firmly in mind, this becomes a red herring question.

This had to do with fruit flies remaining fruit flies, meaning that they are still generally capable of "interbreeding." At some point, the "evolved" species is no longer fruit fly, at which point I would be satisfied the qualification of distinct speciation would have occurred. That is the basis of my comment, which I hope resolves the red herring.

Populations which do not inter-breed are effectively separate species.

Granted. Isolation, for example, can cause species to adapt. Some of the material I covered demonstrated where isolated "species" were artificially reintroduced and began hybridizing. This is not "true" or possible in all instances, but there are enough "exceptions" to give pause in consideration. I do not have my research in front of me to properly quote, but one example that stood out to me was that of the wild horse mating with the domestic horse, and producing viable offspring, even though the wild horse has two more genes than the domestic.

If you go to www.talkorigins.org and type "speciation" into their search engine, you can bring up a document called "Observed Instances of Speciation" which gives more detail on fruit fly speciation and speciation in other organisms. Part of the document called "29+ Evidences for Macro-evolution also gives details of field and labratory instances of speciation."

I did go here, and I printed out some information, which I will go through when I can.

Actually, as Darwin correctly observed in the first chapter of Origin of Species, if you want to get a new species, hybridization is not the best way to go about it. Mendel's work confirmed this. The first generation may be quite uniform and have all the good qualities you want to combine. But when you mate the individuals in the first generation to produce the next, genetic sorting re-aligns the characteristics so that you get a variety of results. And eventually, without careful control of the stock, it tends to revert to its wild form.

I haven't read Darwin yet. Mental block, I'm sure. Perhaps one day. If I recall my high school biology class, Mendel was the monk who raised petunias to demonstrate genetic disposition (dominant and recessive genes). I also recall reading somewhere that he also fudged an awful lot of his data to make his point. My point being that "recessive" is not necessarily "submissive", perhaps just unexpressed individualization.

Controlled hybridization has produced many of the domesticated varieties we are familiar with. I cannot refute your comment, but selective breeding has served humanity well over the course of 4 to 5 thousand years of agriculture and animal husbandry. Left to their own devices, what you say about reversion is true. Yet, through selective breeding, as explained by the teacher in the aforementioned biology class using a mathematical model that I do not fully understand, he explained that a new "breed" could be created after something like 12 generations. Even after only 6 generations, the preferred genetic disposition was the dominant expression, provided the breeding stock was carefully selected and controlled. In effect, this is how the various breeds of dogs and cats were and are bred, as well until recently the majority of agricultural crops and livestock.

The more effective way to get new species is through allopatric speciation. Start with one species. Divide it into groups. Put each group into a different environment. Let it remain there for several generations until it is adapted to that environment. Chances are that when you compare them with each other and with the original, you will find you now have several different species, each with its own distinct characteristics.

Certainly. This is the mechanism used throughout nature. The example that immediately comes to mind is the blind cave fish. I don't know what stock it comes from, but the supposition is that after being trapped in a dark cave they lost the need for sight, so their eyes degenerated and now they no longer have the capacity to see. This is an adaptation, as presumably they have acquired other means to navigate (they do well enough in an aquarium). I do not know if they can mate with the parent stock.

It is true that hybridization sometimes gives a new species, but it is a rarer occurrence.

The example I looked at concerning a weed in England specifically pointed out a natural hybridization between two "native" or "naturalized" (related) species. Another example, controlled, crossed a radish with a cabbage (in Russia). The result was not worthwhile, producing the leaves of the radish with the root of the cabbage, but the two were distinct and unrelated species (or at the least not anywhere near closely related, radish is not in the brassica family).
While natural hybridization may not be the prevalent form, it does occur.

Actually, the fact that they freely cross-pollinate means they are NOT separate species, but varieties of the same species, just as terriers and poodles are varieties of one canine species: the domestic dog.

Another collection of information I looked at considered the development of the domestic dog from wild stock. After considering wolves, dingos, hyenas, coyotes and foxes, the research concluded that domestic dogs came from 4 distinct lines of the wolf, from different places in the world. The influence of the coyote and the others was dismissed by the conclusions. And the 4 lines of wolf are distinct, and at best only very distantly related. It was also concluded that fresh influx of "wild" blood from time to time came back into the domestic lineages. But, as far as I know, other than the problematics of size, all dogs are capable of interbreeding.

Actually, I think I have Vajradhara to thank for pointing me to the bulk of the information I have presented to this point.

As the taxonomy below shows, cabbage, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi and brussel sprouts are all varieties of Brassica oleracea a species of mustard. Each has been bred by human gardeners for its particular characteristics.
Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale)
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (Chinese kale)
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower)
Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage)
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (brussel sprouts)
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (kohlrabi)
Brassica oleracea var. italica (asparagus broccoli)
Brassica oleracea var. medullosa (marrow-stem kale)
Brassica oleracea var. oleracea
Brassica oleracea var. ramosa (perennial kale)

You are correct, brassica is the scientific latin nomenclature. Cole is the colloquial nomenclature. I am not incorrect. Check the Old Farmer's Almanac or Organic Gardening or Mother Earth News.

Yes, good example both of the possibility of hybridization between closely related species, and of the limitations.

This dealt with sterility. And yes, it is a common problem with hybrids. Yet some of the research I looked at concluded that even among typically sterile offspring, it is quite common for an occasional virile offspring to occur. I concede that "occasional" is not conducive to natural selection, certainly not to abundant regeneration, but it does occur naturally. Adaptation and individualization.

Of course, biotechnology could not even be conceived without the fact of common descent.

All life shares genomic traits. Which is why deliberate genomic interference can occur in a laboratory setting. Which is why jellyfish can be deliberately mixed with rabbits, flounders with strawberries and tomatoes, bacillus (sp?) thurigensis with corn, and radishes with cabbages.

For sexually reproducing species, the definition of species is related to the ability to mate and reproduce. If Alba can mate and reproduce with other rabbits of her species, then Alba is not a new species.

That is why she is kept under wraps, to keep her from accidentally introducing the genomic manipulation into the natural system.

Adaptation is a consequence of natural selection. Adaptation does not generally occur all at once in a single generation. It takes place through the accumulation of successive variations by natural selection. A species which has become fully adapted to its environment may have become a different species than the one that first migrated into the same environment.

Some of the examples I looked at demonstrate this, like creatures stranded in an island environment, adapt to their surroundings (or perish, in which case we would not be discussing them). Some of them do change, very quickly, in the space of a very few generations, such as the English moths. This isn't hard to recognize when one sees the inherent differences in specific individuals. We would tend to look at moths as being moths (they all look the same to me...), but each individual has subtle differences. Like humans, short/tall, thin/stocky, fair skin/dark skin, fine hair/thick hair. Sorry for the shift in example, but I am not familiar with dissimilarities in moth populations. If a specific trait shows an advantage in survivability, that trait becomes more dominant in the gene pool of that species. Like changing color from light to dark in the case of the moths. There always were dark individuals, but they were the minority in the population prior to the industrial revolution. Against the soot that built up on everything, the light moths stood out and became better prey. The dark colored ones gained ascendency not through change per se, but through a greater percentage of dark color being able to survive in the new environment. Adaptation, but both colors were already in existence in the population, before and after the transition stage.

Another consideration occurred to me, thinking of humans. The races are quickly becoming one. A poet and frequent guest speaker on PBS, Richard Rodriguez, pointed out a few months ago what he calls "the browning of America." As we become more racially tolerant and intermingled, we are becoming more the same. Yet I thought evolution was the divergence of populations? Perhaps an isolated circumstance, but considering it directly involves humanity, it is an exception worth great consideration. (LOL, evolution meets anthropology through philosophy!)

Adaptation, in and of itself requires a change in the distribution of gene alleles in the population. And that is the classic definition of evolution used today "A change in the distribution of alleles in a population that transcends generations."

Yes, but that distribution is throughout the species as a whole, at least in the case of the moths. The differing alleles were already distributed, as individualizations, throughout the population, in greater and lesser quantities.

When such changes also lead to speciation, that is unquestionably evolution.

Then why does a fruit fly remain a fruit fly? The herring has changed color. If it became a distinct "other", it would be an evident "species," but as long as it remains a fruit fly capable of interbreeding, it is merely an adaptation. Choosing not to interbreed given choice, might lead as you indicate, at which point I could humbly concede. Even in looking at the fruit fly info, the choice not to breed with the parent stock was not the indicator, it was a differentiation or individualization that was highlighted in a specific population. In limited populations, I seem to recall a reversion to interbreeding with the non-preferred species, although I will be hard pressed to find that in the info.

The balance of the conversation dealt with crocs and turtles, and I printed that material out just today and haven't had the oppportunity to go through it with any detail. The croc line, I did read, was the predecessor to and ancestor of one of the major lines of dinosaurs, and yet managed to outlive an entire evolutionary branch? The mega-crocs died out, but the several species composing today's crocodiles, alligators and caimans, is largely unchanged since long before the dino-extinction, something like 120 million years ago. These are the creatures supposed to have made the transition from water to land, some of the original amphibians.

Thank you very much for your input. You have made me do my homework. I am still having trouble accepting the establishment doctrine concerning evolutionary theory, and there is much more that impinges on that mental outlook. Adaptation is a viable and recognized and demonstrated act of nature. Crossing the boundary from one species into another is not demonstrated to my satisfaction, at least not in the sense of not being able to interbreed.

[Quahom1]

Originally Posted by juantoo3

Kindest Regards, gluadys!

I wanted to take a moment and let you know I am researching a response. I have gone through a lot of information, but I have a great deal more to go through yet to post a proper reply.

This had to do with fruit flies remaining fruit flies, meaning that they are still generally capable of "interbreeding." At some point, the "evolved" species is no longer fruit fly, at which point I would be satisfied the qualification of distinct speciation would have occurred. That is the basis of my comment, which I hope resolves the red herring.

Granted. Isolation, for example, can cause species to adapt. Some of the material I covered demonstrated where isolated "species" were artificially reintroduced and began hybridizing. This is not "true" or possible in all instances, but there are enough "exceptions" to give pause in consideration. I do not have my research in front of me to properly quote, but one example that stood out to me was that of the wild horse mating with the domestic horse, and producing viable offspring, even though the wild horse has two more genes than the domestic.

I did go here, and I printed out some information, which I will go through when I can.

I haven't read Darwin yet. Mental block, I'm sure. Perhaps one day. If I recall my high school biology class, Mendel was the monk who raised petunias to demonstrate genetic disposition (dominant and recessive genes). I also recall reading somewhere that he also fudged an awful lot of his data to make his point. My point being that "recessive" is not necessarily "submissive", perhaps just unexpressed individualization.

Controlled hybridization has produced many of the domesticated varieties we are familiar with. I cannot refute your comment, but selective breeding has served humanity well over the course of 4 to 5 thousand years of agriculture and animal husbandry. Left to their own devices, what you say about reversion is true. Yet, through selective breeding, as explained by the teacher in the aforementioned biology class using a mathematical model that I do not fully understand, he explained that a new "breed" could be created after something like 12 generations. Even after only 6 generations, the preferred genetic disposition was the dominant expression, provided the breeding stock was carefully selected and controlled. In effect, this is how the various breeds of dogs and cats were and are bred, as well until recently the majority of agricultural crops and livestock.

Certainly. This is the mechanism used throughout nature. The example that immediately comes to mind is the blind cave fish. I don't know what stock it comes from, but the supposition is that after being trapped in a dark cave they lost the need for sight, so their eyes degenerated and now they no longer have the capacity to see. This is an adaptation, as presumably they have acquired other means to navigate (they do well enough in an aquarium). I do not know if they can mate with the parent stock.

The example I looked at concerning a weed in England specifically pointed out a natural hybridization between two "native" or "naturalized" (related) species. Another example, controlled, crossed a radish with a cabbage (in Russia). The result was not worthwhile, producing the leaves of the radish with the root of the cabbage, but the two were distinct and unrelated species (or at the least not anywhere near closely related, radish is not in the brassica family).
While natural hybridization may not be the prevalent form, it does occur.

Another collection of information I looked at considered the development of the domestic dog from wild stock. After considering wolves, dingos, hyenas, coyotes and foxes, the research concluded that domestic dogs came from 4 distinct lines of the wolf, from different places in the world. The influence of the coyote and the others was dismissed by the conclusions. And the 4 lines of wolf are distinct, and at best only very distantly related. It was also concluded that fresh influx of "wild" blood from time to time came back into the domestic lineages. But, as far as I know, other than the problematics of size, all dogs are capable of interbreeding.

Actually, I think I have Vajradhara to thank for pointing me to the bulk of the information I have presented to this point.

You are correct, brassica is the scientific latin nomenclature. Cole is the colloquial nomenclature. I am not incorrect. Check the Old Farmer's Almanac or Organic Gardening or Mother Earth News.

This dealt with sterility. And yes, it is a common problem with hybrids. Yet some of the research I looked at concluded that even among typically sterile offspring, it is quite common for an occasional virile offspring to occur. I concede that "occasional" is not conducive to natural selection, certainly not to abundant regeneration, but it does occur naturally. Adaptation and individualization.

All life shares genomic traits. Which is why deliberate genomic interference can occur in a laboratory setting. Which is why jellyfish can be deliberately mixed with rabbits, flounders with strawberries and tomatoes, bacillus (sp?) thurigensis with corn, and radishes with cabbages.

That is why she is kept under wraps, to keep her from accidentally introducing the genomic manipulation into the natural system.

Some of the examples I looked at demonstrate this, like creatures stranded in an island environment, adapt to their surroundings (or perish, in which case we would not be discussing them). Some of them do change, very quickly, in the space of a very few generations, such as the English moths. This isn't hard to recognize when one sees the inherent differences in specific individuals. We would tend to look at moths as being moths (they all look the same to me...), but each individual has subtle differences. Like humans, short/tall, thin/stocky, fair skin/dark skin, fine hair/thick hair. Sorry for the shift in example, but I am not familiar with dissimilarities in moth populations. If a specific trait shows an advantage in survivability, that trait becomes more dominant in the gene pool of that species. Like changing color from light to dark in the case of the moths. There always were dark individuals, but they were the minority in the population prior to the industrial revolution. Against the soot that built up on everything, the light moths stood out and became better prey. The dark colored ones gained ascendency not through change per se, but through a greater percentage of dark color being able to survive in the new environment. Adaptation, but both colors were already in existence in the population, before and after the transition stage.

Another consideration occurred to me, thinking of humans. The races are quickly becoming one. A poet and frequent guest speaker on PBS, Richard Rodriguez, pointed out a few months ago what he calls "the browning of America." As we become more racially tolerant and intermingled, we are becoming more the same. Yet I thought evolution was the divergence of populations? Perhaps an isolated circumstance, but considering it directly involves humanity, it is an exception worth great consideration. (LOL, evolution meets anthropology through philosophy!)

Yes, but that distribution is throughout the species as a whole, at least in the case of the moths. The differing alleles were already distributed, as individualizations, throughout the population, in greater and lesser quantities.

Then why does a fruit fly remain a fruit fly? The herring has changed color. If it became a distinct "other", it would be an evident "species," but as long as it remains a fruit fly capable of interbreeding, it is merely an adaptation. Choosing not to interbreed given choice, might lead as you indicate, at which point I could humbly concede. Even in looking at the fruit fly info, the choice not to breed with the parent stock was not the indicator, it was a differentiation or individualization that was highlighted in a specific population. In limited populations, I seem to recall a reversion to interbreeding with the non-preferred species, although I will be hard pressed to find that in the info.

The balance of the conversation dealt with crocs and turtles, and I printed that material out just today and haven't had the oppportunity to go through it with any detail. The croc line, I did read, was the predecessor to and ancestor of one of the major lines of dinosaurs, and yet managed to outlive an entire evolutionary branch? The mega-crocs died out, but the several species composing today's crocodiles, alligators and caimans, is largely unchanged since long before the dino-extinction, something like 120 million years ago. These are the creatures supposed to have made the transition from water to land, some of the original amphibians.

Thank you very much for your input. You have made me do my homework. I am still having trouble accepting the establishment doctrine concerning evolutionary theory, and there is much more that impinges on that mental outlook. Adaptation is a viable and recognized and demonstrated act of nature. Crossing the boundary from one species into another is not demonstrated to my satisfaction, at least not in the sense of not being able to interbreed.

When a Horse breeds with a donkey, the result is a Mule. Strong, smart, loyal, steadfast, mortal. The Mule cannot reproduce, Therefore its generation is the only generation. My point is that some things just cannot be, no matter how hard we wish them to be. Some things can evolve, and some things cannot. Some thing have evolved, and some things have not. Where oh where is Man in this story?

v/r

Q

[juantoo3]

Kindest Regards, Quahom1!

Originally Posted by Quahom1

When a Horse breeds with a donkey, the result is a Mule. Strong, smart, loyal, steadfast, mortal. The Mule cannot reproduce, Therefore its generation is the only generation. My point is that some things just cannot be, no matter how hard we wish them to be. Some things can evolve, and some things cannot. Some thing have evolved, and some things have not. Where oh where is Man in this story?

Yes, sterility in hybrids is sometimes an issue, as we covered in an earlier post specifically noting mules. But I also found information concerning a wild horse (with a very unfamiliar and difficult to pronounce name) that is able to interbreed with domestic horses and produce viable offspring, despite the fact that the two have a different quantity of recognized genes, 64 for horses and 66 for the wild horse. This is also demonstrated in the equine races, reaching way back in my memory, to the quagga, an extinct shaggy zebra that died out around 1900. With the events in Iraq over the last decade or so, I haven't heard what became of the research, but there had been an attempt to extract the quagga bloodline from a line of zebras kept at a zoo in Iraq. An attempt was being made to rebirth a lost species. This could only have been conceived and undertaken if it was understood that the bloodline was contained in the hybrid form amongst those animals. And that through selective breeding it could be extracted.

Moving on to livestock, what of the bovine breeds? Is a buffalo too closely related to a heiffer? They definitely spent an awful lot of time isolated from each other in different ecologies, yet beefalo is a hybrid (in fairness, I don't know what breed buffalo are crossed with; but like dogs, bovines are pretty much interbreedable in my understanding). Or brangus, the brahma/angus cross. Scientific speculation is a wonderful tool for conceptual purposes, thinking out how things might work, then reality must set in. There are some real world examples that seriously challenge many of the notions that are espoused in the classroom as inescapable fact.

"Demonstrating that a population is reproductively isolated (in a nontrivial way) from populations that it was formerly able to interbreed with shows that speciation has occurred. In practice, it is also necessary to show that at least one isolating mechanism with a hereditary basis is present. After all, just because a pair of critters don't breed during an experiment doesn't mean they can't breed or even that they won't breed. Debates about whether a speciation event has occurred often turn on whether isolating mechanisms have been produced." -Observed Instances of Speciation, by Joseph Boxhorn, Copyright © 1993-2004, (emphasis mine)

As for "Some things can evolve, and some things cannot. Some thing have evolved, and some things have not. Where oh where is Man in this story?", man has an intimate part to play in this puzzle. Humans have been artificially selecting breeding stock for millenium, for the purpose of producing better quality and quantity of foodstuffs, livestock, draft animals and companion animals. A great deal of this has been through hybridization that has been viable.
Another take on your question is semantical. What is considered a "species" to one, seems to be equally considered too closely related by another, relegated to the status (loosely) of breed or variety. A breed is not necessarily a species, I am learning. Yet, when a fruit fly breed is held out as a species, by some of the same people who claim breeding incompatibilty as a prerequisite for speciation, I am confused over the semantic conundrum. When a chihuahua chooses not to mate with a great dane, are they then different species, or breeds?

This can even be carried a step further yet. What then, of humans? If the bonobo is so closely related to humans, having spent as much effort in evolution, why are they so undeveloped in comparison to ourselves? Why have they no speech? No fire? No sharpened implements? No stone tools? Why are they not walking out of the jungle to take better control of their world? What a difference 3-5% of the genomic string makes!
I can't find the direct quote just now, but Francis Collins has said (paraphrased), "There is only a difference of a few hundred genes between a mouse and a man. But you cannot replace those genes in a mouse and expect it to begin playing golf or listening to Mozart." The point being, there is a great deal of focus on genomic quantity of apparent matches, with little to no real attention being made (yet!) to the quality of the apparent matches. I suspect this is because a lot of the tools for doing so do not exist.

One could extend the bonobo concept to Neandertal, who many believe to have excelled Cro-magnon in brain size and physical stature and strength. Yet, Neandertal died out, and Cro-magnon ascended. It is now believed the two were supposedly different species with common ancestry, yet they exhibited compatibility with each other. There are finds that demonstrate social interaction between them. How far this cooperation extended is still open to question, but for this discussion were they able to interbreed? If so, then they were not individual species? If not, did Neandertal keep our relatives as pets (like we might a monkey or dog)? There are some serious issues that can develop on this subject, that can affect and influence our outlook on life, society, religion, psychology and a whole gamut of other matters that affect us all at the core of our being.
In this, religion may be a gross oversimplification (according to some), but I view it as a very necessary one, without which we would never have grown past the animal stage. I am of the opinion that that "revelation" came to humanity in a moment, it was handed directly to us with purposeful intent.

[gluadys]

Originally Posted by juantoo3

Kindest Regards, gluadys!

I wanted to take a moment and let you know I am researching a response. I have gone through a lot of information, but I have a great deal more to go through yet to post a proper reply.

I can't tell you what a pleasure it is to meet someone who is acutally willing to do research!!

So often those who raise questions on evolution merely rant and run.

This had to do with fruit flies remaining fruit flies, meaning that they are still generally capable of "interbreeding." At some point, the "evolved" species is no longer fruit fly, at which point I would be satisfied the qualification of distinct speciation would have occurred. That is the basis of my comment, which I hope resolves the red herring.

What we are really dealing with here is the imprecision of common names. More often than not common names refer to higher taxonomic orders that species.

Consider this list: platypus human rhinoceros, rabbit, beaver, armadillo, spider, frog, bat, worm.

Of these, only the platypus and the human are a single species (and then only if you count living species). There are three species of rhinoceros. The common name then refers to a genus. Rabbit, beaver and armadillo refer to all the species in their respective families. (There are at least 7 different genera of armadillo). Spider, frog and bat each refer to thousands of species in the same order. And worm is a name applied to species in several different phyla. Some worms are more closely related to spiders than to other worms. Some are more closely related to us than to other worms.

"fruit fly" refers to any of 3000 different species in the Drosophilidae family. So just because they are called "fruit flies" or "rabbits" or "frogs" does NOT mean they are capable of interbreeding.

And asking for a new species of fruit fly not to be a fruit fly is asking for a level of saltation not found in nature, for you are asking for much more than a species change. You are asking that the new species be not even of the same genus or family as its parent species.

If I recall my high school biology class, Mendel was the monk who raised petunias to demonstrate genetic disposition (dominant and recessive genes). I also recall reading somewhere that he also fudged an awful lot of his data to make his point. My point being that "recessive" is not necessarily "submissive", perhaps just unexpressed individualization.

No question but the examples in a high school text are very basic and simple. In real life genetics is much more complex.

Yet, through selective breeding, as explained by the teacher in the aforementioned biology class using a mathematical model that I do not fully understand, he explained that a new "breed" could be created after something like 12 generations. Even after only 6 generations, the preferred genetic disposition was the dominant expression, provided the breeding stock was carefully selected and controlled. In effect, this is how the various breeds of dogs and cats were and are bred, as well until recently the majority of agricultural crops and livestock.

Right. What the breeder does is control the selection process and maximize the selection pressure toward the preferred characters. It can be a very rapid process indeed. One of the things that Gould and Eldredge did was to show that quite rapid evolution is also found in nature. They called spates of rapid evolution "punctuations".

Another consideration occurred to me, thinking of humans. The races are quickly becoming one. A poet and frequent guest speaker on PBS, Richard Rodriguez, pointed out a few months ago what he calls "the browning of America." As we become more racially tolerant and intermingled, we are becoming more the same. Yet I thought evolution was the divergence of populations? Perhaps an isolated circumstance, but considering it directly involves humanity, it is an exception worth great consideration. (LOL, evolution meets anthropology through philosophy!)

Strictly speaking, evolution is simply an inherited genetic change in the distribution of characteristics in a population. So the changes in the distribution of melanin producing skin cells due to greater racial mixing is evolution.

If we were to apply the strict racial separation that the supporters of apartheid tried to in South Africa we would no doubt get greater racial diversity instead of homogenization. But as long as all human races live in and adapt to a wide variety of habitats, it is not likely we would get separate species. To get a distinct human species in the future it would probably be necessary to isolate a group of colonists on another planet. That would provide a distinct environment they would have to adapt to.

Then why does a fruit fly remain a fruit fly? The herring has changed color. If it became a distinct "other", it would be an evident "species," but as long as it remains a fruit fly capable of interbreeding, it is merely an adaptation. Choosing not to interbreed given choice, might lead as you indicate, at which point I could humbly concede. Even in looking at the fruit fly info, the choice not to breed with the parent stock was not the indicator, it was a differentiation or individualization that was highlighted in a specific population. In limited populations, I seem to recall a reversion to interbreeding with the non-preferred species, although I will be hard pressed to find that in the info.

Keep up the research. Remember it is not appearance which determines whether or not individuals are of the same species, but ability and willingness to mate and reproduce. Sexual selection (willingness to mate) is an important factor in establishing new species.

Sometimes a change in appearance initiates sexual selection and isolated breeding groups. In other cases the isolation occurs first and changes in appearance occur later. So the key is not what the populations look like or what they are called, but what they do. Do they interbreed or not?

There are several instances in which the evidence is quite conclusive that new fruit fly species (i.e. groups which no longer breed with the parent stock) have been established. Here are two:

Insects that live on a single host plant provide a model for sympatric speciation. If a group of insects switched host plants they would not breed with other members of their species still living on their former host plant. The two subpopulations could diverge and speciate. Agricultural records show that a strain of the apple maggot fly Rhagolettis pomenella began infesting apples in the 1860's. Formerly it had only infested hawthorn fruit. Feder, Chilcote and Bush have shown that two races of Rhagolettis pomenella have become behaviorally isolated. Allele frequencies at six loci (aconitase 2, malic enzyme, mannose phosphate isomerase, aspartate amino-transferase, NADH-diaphorase-2, and beta-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase) are diverging. Significant amounts of linkage disequilibrium have been found at these loci, indicating that they may all be hitchhiking on some allele under selection. Some biologists call sympatric speciation microallopatric speciation to emphasize that the subpopulations are still physically separate at an ecological level.

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-...o-biology.html

Fruit flies do not remain the same species of fruit flies. Drosophila melanogaster populations evolved reproductive isolation as a result of contrasting microenvironments within a canyon [Korol et al. 2000]. We would not expect to see much greater divergence in historical times.

References:
Korol, A. et al., 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97: 12637-12642. See also Schneider, C. J., 2000. Natural selection and speciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 97.

http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB910_1.html

Complete article

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/23/12637

The balance of the conversation dealt with crocs and turtles, and I printed that material out just today and haven't had the oppportunity to go through it with any detail. The croc line, I did read, was the predecessor to and ancestor of one of the major lines of dinosaurs, and yet managed to outlive an entire evolutionary branch?

That's correct. And the dinosaurs were a very successful branch---several sub-orders and a total span of 160 million years.

The mega-crocs died out, but the several species composing today's crocodiles, alligators and caimans, is largely unchanged since long before the dino-extinction, something like 120 million years ago.

Unchanged in what way? Certainly they are still part of the same reptilian order. But are they still the same species? Or even the same genus? Do they still have exactly the same characterisitics in all respects? I expect that if you check into crocodile history in more detail you will find there are significant differences between Mesozoic and modern species in the crocodilian order.

These are the creatures supposed to have made the transition from water to land, some of the original amphibians.

Well you certainly need to do some homework in basic taxonomy!!. Crocodiles are reptiles, not amphibians. (Crocodiles, though they spend much time in water have to come to land to lay their eggs. By contrast, even amphibians which spend most of their time on land need water, or at least a damp place, in which to lay their eggs as their young are born as tadpoles. Crocodiles lay an amniotic egg enclosed in a shell. Amphibians lay a jelly-covered egg, much like those of a fish.)

Thank you very much for your input. You have made me do my homework. I am still having trouble accepting the establishment doctrine concerning evolutionary theory, and there is much more that impinges on that mental outlook.

There is no doctrine of evolution as evolution is not a religious outlook. There is a theory of evolution which has a great deal of evidential support. It does help a lot to be clear as to what exactly the theory does and does not say, and I appreciate that can be difficult as the religious zeal to attack the theory has led to a great deal of mis-information being widely available.

Adaptation is a viable and recognized and demonstrated act of nature. Crossing the boundary from one species into another is not demonstrated to my satisfaction, at least not in the sense of not being able to interbreed.

Precisely what do you mean by "crossing the boundary from one species to another"? If there are two existing species reproducing separately, you will not find a parent in one group producing offspring that belong to the other group. Never. The best you could get is a hybrid of the two. And there are documented cases in which such a hybrid has proved fertile and become established as a third species which does not interbreed with either of its parent species.

Such hybridization is one way to get a new species, but I would call that crossing from one species to another.

The other way to get a new species that we have discussed is through population isolation. A single species is split into two species. This has also been documented both by experiment and in nature. And I don't think that can be called crossing the boundary either. It is more in the nature of erecting a boundary where there was none before.

The other way for a species to change is by phyletic gradualism. This is a gradual accumulation of changes in one species such that the species at the end of the transformative process is different from the initial stock. When phyletic gradualism occurs over time, it has to be inferred from the morphology of fossil sequences as one cannot directly test whether the newer species could or could not interbreed with the ancestral species. But we also see examples of phyletic gradualism in which all the gradations from one species to another are contemporaneous. Such sequences are called "ring species".

"The Arctic Ocean polar ice cap limits the species range of Sea Gulls to its periphery. Races from Siberia freely interbreed with races from America. Races from America freely interbreed with races from Europe. Going the other way, Races from Siberia freely interbreed with races from the Caucauses. However, Western European herring gull (Larus argentatus) do not interbreed with the lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) from Centrial Europe where these races of Sea Gulls occur together in northern Europe. So, all along the ring that circumnavigates the globe about the Arctic there is gene flow but where the two ends of the ring meet in Europe there is no gene flow."

http://geowords.com/histbooknetscape/f26.htm

This is the closest example I can find of "crossing the boundary from one species to another" yet that description doesn't really seem to fit here either.

I don't know of any other way that new species evolve, so perhaps you are barking at a bogeyman that doesn't really exist in nature.

[gluadys]

Originally Posted by Quahom1

When a Horse breeds with a donkey, the result is a Mule. Strong, smart, loyal, steadfast, mortal. The Mule cannot reproduce, Therefore its generation is the only generation. My point is that some things just cannot be, no matter how hard we wish them to be. Some things can evolve, and some things cannot. Some thing have evolved, and some things have not. Where oh where is Man in this story?

v/r

Q

When things cannot evolve in response to a new environmental challenge they become extinct.

So long as a species is not extinct yet, it CAN evolve. That doesn't necessarily mean it WILL evolve. There is no living species on earth today which has not evolved. That includes humanity.

By the way what is Man? Why the upper-case letter?

[gluadys]

Originally Posted by juantoo3

There are some real world examples that seriously challenge many of the notions that are espoused in the classroom as inescapable fact.

What examples do you have in mind here juantoo?

When a chihuahua chooses not to mate with a great dane, are they then different species, or breeds?

It is very important to remember that evolution relates to species i.e. to populations, not to individuals. So we need to break down your question into more than one question.

1. If my pet chihuahua chooses not to mate with my neighbour's great dane, are they different species? Not necessarily. My pet chihuahua may just be finicky.

2. If chihuahuas in general choose not to mate with great danes in general, are they different species? Possibly. If they were the only breeds of dog in existence we could predict that this sexual preference on the part of chihuahuas would lead to them becoming separate species if they are not already.

3. If chihuahuas are physically incapable of mating with great danes (and I believe they are), are they different species? They certainly would be if they were the only two breeds of dog.

What prevents us from calling chihuahuas and great danes different species is the existence of other breeds of dogs, some of which can breed with chihuahuas, and some of which can breed with great danes, and which also breed with each other. So even if chihuahuas and great danes cannot interbreed directly, there is still an avenue of gene flow from one population to another via the intermediate breeds. This situation is analogous to a ring species, though I don't know that biologists would apply that term to dogs.

This can even be carried a step further yet. What then, of humans? If the bonobo is so closely related to humans, having spent as much effort in evolution, why are they so undeveloped in comparison to ourselves? Why have they no speech? No fire? No sharpened implements? No stone tools? Why are they not walking out of the jungle to take better control of their world?

Remember, evolution is not an assembly line which is carrying all species in the same direction. Humanity is not a model which other species are trying to emulate, nor a goal they are striving to reach.

Bonobos don't speak because the position of their larynx is different from that in humans. This makes the pharyngeal area less flexible and unsuited for the fine-tuned production of sounds needed for speech.

They are capable of understanding speech and learning sign language or other substitutes for speech.

They do make and use tools, but do so on an ad hoc basis. They appear not have the intellectual capacity to plan tool use long in advance of need to use a tool.

One could extend the bonobo concept to Neandertal, who many believe to have excelled Cro-magnon in brain size and physical stature and strength. Yet, Neandertal died out, and Cro-magnon ascended.

Cro-Magnon did not "ascend". Cro-Magon is an early homo sapiens culture which appeared in Europe about 25,000 to 30,000 years ago. Cro-Magnons are no more different from you and I than Germans or Brazilians. Not a different species at all. Just a different culture, like Egyptian or Babylonian.

And, more to the point. Evolution should never be thought of as "ascension". Evolution is not a process of ascending a ladder. It is a process of radiation into different ecological niches. No one ecological habitat makes a species more "ascended" or "evolved" than another.

It is now believed the two were supposedly different species with common ancestry, yet they exhibited compatibility with each other. There are finds that demonstrate social interaction between them. How far this cooperation extended is still open to question, but for this discussion were they able to interbreed?

Whether they were able to or not, the latest information suggests that they did not. This may lead to reclassifying neanderthals as a separate species rather than sub-species.

If so, then they were not individual species? If not, did Neandertal keep our relatives as pets (like we might a monkey or dog)? There are some serious issues that can develop on this subject, that can affect and influence our outlook on life, society, religion, psychology and a whole gamut of other matters that affect us all at the core of our being.

There is no question that the neanderthals had a cultural and spiritual life, given the artifacts found with them, including their burial practices. But they did not develop the artistic expression of even the earliest known sapiens such as the Cro-magnon. They left us, for example, no cave paintings or artistically decorated tools.

[juantoo3]

Kindest Regards, gluadys!

What we are really dealing with here is the imprecision of common names. More often than not common names refer to higher taxonomic orders that species.

Consider this list: platypus human rhinoceros, rabbit, beaver, armadillo, spider, frog, bat, worm.

Of these, only the platypus and the human are a single species (and then only if you count living species). There are three species of rhinoceros. The common name then refers to a genus. Rabbit, beaver and armadillo refer to all the species in their respective families. (There are at least 7 different genera of armadillo). Spider, frog and bat each refer to thousands of species in the same order. And worm is a name applied to species in several different phyla. Some worms are more closely related to spiders than to other worms. Some are more closely related to us than to other worms.

"fruit fly" refers to any of 3000 different species in the Drosophilidae family. So just because they are called "fruit flies" or "rabbits" or "frogs" does NOT mean they are capable of interbreeding.

AH, thank you! Now I see a bit of light! I think I understand a little better the distinctions now. Please bear with me as I integrate this new understanding (I am liable to slip and revert to familiar understanding).

And asking for a new species of fruit fly not to be a fruit fly is asking for a level of saltation not found in nature, for you are asking for much more than a species change. You are asking that the new species be not even of the same genus or family as its parent species.

Now I think I better understand the red herring comment. Yes, I would expect a new species of fruit fly to remain in the fruit fly order, I would not expect it to become, say, a lizard. I am not finished with the material, and it may take a little while (I printed out probably 500 or so pages of information), but in some of the material I did go through, "different" fruit flies were able to interbreed. At least, that is what I understood the material to have said.

I will have to address the rest another time. It is way late, and I'm muddling on mentally. G'nite! and thanks for the reply!

[juantoo3]

Originally Posted by juantoo3

There are some real world examples that seriously challenge many of the notions that are espoused in the classroom as inescapable fact.-juantoo

What examples do you have in mind here juantoo?

Quickly, before I go, I thought I had mentioned several. The two species of horse mixing, the beefalo, the brangus, the quagga/zebra. Of these examples, the brangus possibly could be argued as directly related "breeds", but as far as I know, the others constitute distinct species, that are still capable of hybrid reproduction (excepting the quagga, acting as it were posthumously).

[Vajradhara]

Namaste all..

so.. i was watching Saturday Night Live, a weekly comedy show here in the States... they do a bit each week on topical news items..

so.. in the state of Georgia, recently, there was a big debate about taking the word "evolution" out of the biology classes. finally, the debate was settled and they let the word "evolution" still be used in biology, however, as a concession dinosaurs will now be called "Jesus Horses."

[juantoo3]

Originally Posted by Vajradhara

Namaste all..

so.. i was watching Saturday Night Live, a weekly comedy show here in the States... they do a bit each week on topical news items..

so.. in the state of Georgia, recently, there was a big debate about taking the word "evolution" out of the biology classes. finally, the debate was settled and they let the word "evolution" still be used in biology, however, as a concession dinosaurs will now be called "Jesus Horses."

Cute!